Due to the vertical migration of cyanobacteria and frequent wind waves disturbance, the floating, mixing, migration and accumulation of cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Taihu occur rapidly. It is very difficult to accurately capture cyanobacteria bloom occurrence and appearance using the traditional lake positioning and cross-section monitoring due to low temporal and spatial observation frequency and resolution, which limits the in-depth understanding of cyanobacteria bloom formation process, driving mechanism, prevention and control. Satellite remote sensing can realize the synchronous observation of the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria bloom, but it is difficult to capture the rapid dynamics of cyanobacteria bloom due to the limitation of observation frequency. Using independently developed land-based (ground-based, shore-based, or fixed on the platform, ship and pile foundation) hyperspectral water quality remote sensing instrument by the Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd and Nanjing Zhongke Deep Insight Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd installed in Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research (TLLER) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the short-term sudden and rapid cyanobacteria bloom dynamics in a day was effectively captured through the continuous observation of chlorophyll-a concentration and other key water quality parameters at the second-minute level. The results show that cyanobacteria are easy to float in the surface water under the conditions of breeze and light wind, and the prevailing northwest wind drives the cyanobacteria bloom in the open water area of the lake to float and accumulate to the shore of TLLER quickly. Chlorophyll-a concentration in surface water can rapidly rise from 10 μg/L to more than 100 μg/L in just half an hour. Several chlorophyll-a peaks are recorded in a day from 8:30 to 18:30. All these results clearly show that cyanobacteria have a rapid hourly dynamic change process. Affected by the rapid hourly variations of cyanobacteria, water quality parameters such as secchi disc depth, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand also show rapid hourly variations. Significantly negative relationship between chlorophyll-a and secchi disc depth but significantly positive relationships between chlorophyll-a and total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand are found, which indicate short-term floating and gathering of cyanobacteria have a profound impact on the water quality of lakes.