Survey aiming at the wild fish resources in Provincial Rare Fishes Natural Reserve of Xijiang River in Zhaoqing City. 81 fish species belonging to 11 orders, 25 families and 69 genera from 2006 to 2008, among them there are 8 river-sea migratory species, 6 exotic species and 67 native freshwater species. Analysis of the species numbers and diversity indices showed that fish diversity of the Reserve was high. Cirrhina moitorella, Squaliobarbus curriculus and Megalobrama hoffmanni were the preponderant species. Megalobrama hoffmanni, Squaliobarbus curriculus, Cirrhina moitorella, Xenocypris davidi and Clupanodon thrissa are the primary economic fishes. The rare fishes such as Anguilla marmorata, Cranoglanis bouderius bouderius, Parabramis lineatus and a lot of species only distributed in Pearl River water system can be seen there. The fish stocks of the Reserve belong to different ecological types in their migration, feeding and inhabitation. Fish communities were dominated by sedentary species (72.8%) of the community, omnivore species (51.9%) and sub-stratum species (50.6%). Xijiang River Rare Fishes Natural Reserve is perfect area for fish living due to its special hydrodynamic environment and complicated riverbed geology. Habitat destroying and excessive catching are the key factors to impact decreases of the fish diversity.