Algae in aquatic ecosystems can enter the atmosphere through bubble bursting at the water-air interface and subsequently spread via aerosol transmission. This process not only represents a significant dispersal mechanism influencing algal population structures in adjacent water bodies but also elevates health risks through increased airborne harmful algae and exacerbates atmospheric nutrient enrichment. Current understanding of airborne algae remains limited, with existing research predominantly documented in international literature. This review systematically examines the distribution characteristics of airborne algae, encompassing dominant taxa, seasonal fluctuations, and diurnal variation patterns. It further elucidates key environmental determinants such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed that govern algal survival and atmospheric transport. Special attention is given to health implications arising from aerosolized harmful algae and cyanotoxins. To address existing knowledge gaps, future research should prioritize three critical domains: 1) Colonization dynamics investigating airborne algae viability and reproductive potential in atmospheric environments; 2) Source-sink identification to trace emission hotspots and deposition patterns; 3) Comprehensive risk assessment frameworks to evaluate long-term health impacts of algal aerosols and establish early warning systems. These proposed directions aim to advance fundamental understanding and inform evidence-based environmental management strategies