湖泊科学   2018, Vol. 30 Issue (1): 139-149.  DOI: 10.18307/2018.0114.
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研究论文

引用本文 [复制中英文]

李传琼, 王鹏, 陈波, 李燕, 鄱阳湖流域赣江水系溶解态金属元素空间分布特征及污染来源. 湖泊科学, 2018, 30(1): 139-149. DOI: 10.18307/2018.0114.
[复制中文]
LI Chuanqiong, WANG Peng, CHEN Bo, LI Yan. Spatial distribution and pollution source of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River of Lake Poyang Basin. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2018, 30(1): 139-149. DOI: 10.18307/2018.0114.
[复制英文]

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(41661017,41201033)、江西省自然科学基金项目(20151BAB213035)和江西省重大生态安全问题监控协同创新中心项目(JX-EW-00)联合资助

作者简介

李传琼(1990~), 女, 硕士研究生; E-mail:17779145632@163.com

通信作者

王鹏; E-mail:wangpengjlu@jxnu.edu.cn

文章历史

2016-11-28 收稿
2017-04-17 收修改稿

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鄱阳湖流域赣江水系溶解态金属元素空间分布特征及污染来源
李传琼 1,2, 王鹏 1,2, 陈波 1,2, 李燕 1,2     
(1: 江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室, 南昌 330022)
(2: 江西师范大学地理与环境学院, 南昌 330022)
摘要:于2015年1月和7月在赣江干流和主要支流37个采样点共采集74个水样,分析赣江水系15种溶解态金属元素(Be、Al、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb、U)的空间分布特征和污染来源的贡献率.结果表明:多数水样的溶解态金属元素浓度符合水质标准,主要的超标元素是Fe,样品超标率为21.60%,其次为As(8.10%)、Mn(4.05%)、Tl(4.05%)和Al(1.35%).Be、Al、V、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、U浓度在枯水期显著高于丰水期,其他元素差异不显著.依据溶解态金属元素的空间分布特征,赣江流域可分为3个区域:湘水、章水和赣江赣州市段(C1),桃江、袁水和锦江(C2),其他区域(C3);溶解态金属元素水平大小排序为C1 > C2 > C3,其中Be、Al、Cu、Mo、Sb、As浓度在C1最高,V、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cd浓度在C2最高.采矿废水、矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤、钢铁冶炼废水是赣江溶解金属元素的主要来源;Be、Al、Cu、Pb、U的污染源超过40%来自采矿废水,Cu、As、Mo、Cd的污染源超过35%来自矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤,V、Mn、Co、Ni的污染源超过41%来自钢铁冶炼废水.
关键词赣江    溶解态金属元素    工业废水    污染来源    重金属污染    鄱阳湖流域    
Spatial distribution and pollution source of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River of Lake Poyang Basin
LI Chuanqiong 1,2, WANG Peng 1,2, CHEN Bo 1,2, LI Yan 1,2     
(1: Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China)
(2: School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China)
Abstract: We collected 74 water samples from 37 sites along the Ganjiang River and its tributaries in January and July, 2015 to analyze the spatial distribution of dissolved metals (Be, Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb and U), and to estimate the contributions of pollution sources in Lake Poyang Basin. The results showed that the concentrations of dissolved metals in most water samples met the national water quality standards, and Fe is the primary trace metal beyond the national standard, i.e. 21.60% of water samples had higher Fe concentrations than the national drinking water quality standard, followed by As (8.10%), Mn (4.05%), Tl (4.05%) and Al (1.35%). In addition, the concentrations of Be, Al, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and U during the dry season were significantly higher than those during the wet season, while others had no significant difference. Based on the spatial distribution of dissolved metals, three spatial regions were identified:C1 (Xiangshui River Basin, Zhangshui River Basin and Ganzhou section of Ganjiang River), C2 (Taojiang River Basin, Yuanshui River Basin and Jinjiang River Basin), and C3 (the other regions beyond C1 and C2). The contamination order in the three regions was C1 > C2 > C3. The highest concentrations of Be, Al, Cu, Mo, Sb and As occurred in C1; while V, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cd in C2. The primary sources of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River were mining waste water, leaching water of slag and agricultural soils, and steel industry waste water. We estimated that more than 40% of Be, Al, Cu, Pb and U were from mining waste water, more than 35% of Cu, As, Mo and Cd from leaching water of slag and agricultural soils, and more than 41% of V, Mn, Co and Ni from the steel industry waste water.
Keywords: Ganjiang River    dissolved metals    industrial wastewater    pollution source    heavy metal pollution    Lake Poyang Basin    

河流是工农业生产和生活用水的来源,也是水循环的重要场所.金属元素经水循环进入河流,因其稳定的结构难降解于水体,即使微量进入水体,对环境也能起到一定的毒害作用[1-3].自然和人类活动是金属元素的主要来源,人类活动如金属冶炼、采矿、工业废水排放和农业污水等已威胁到环境和人类身体的健康[4-5].因不合理的人类活动,大量污染物进入河流,导致河流水体金属元素含量超标,引起了国内外学者的关注[6-7].河流水体中的金属元素可分为溶解态和颗粒态两种形态,受人类活动污染的水体,更多的金属元素与有机质结合以自由离子态存在,溶解态占有更大的比例[8-9].

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,也是生物多样性极其丰富的淡水湿地生态系统.近年来,随着流域矿产开采和金属冶炼废水排放、工农业的发展及城市化的扩展,湖区呈现出不同程度的重金属污染[10].赣江是鄱阳湖的第一大支流,鄱阳湖Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、As和Cd入湖通量的75.4 %、56.8 %、47.3 %、30.6 %、25.5 %和23.2 % [11]来自赣江.因此查明赣江流域溶解态金属元素的空间分布特征和污染来源,对赣江流域的水环境保护和鄱阳湖流域的污染防治具有重要意义.已有研究表明,赣江流域可溶态Cd的浓度在中国Ⅰ类地表水环境质量标准内[12],仅赣江赣州市段和赣江吉安市段的可溶态Cd和As超出了中国Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准[13].目前关于赣江金属元素的研究集中在时空分布[13]和风险评价[14]方面,尚不清楚溶解态金属元素的污染来源及不同污染来源的贡献率.查明赣江流域溶解态金属元素的污染来源和污染来源的贡献率是进行污染防治的基础.本研究基于赣江水系枯水期和丰水期溶解态金属元素数据,分析溶解态金属元素的空间分布特征,探讨溶解态金属元素的污染来源并估算污染来源的贡献率,以期为赣江流域和鄱阳湖溶解态金属元素污染的防治提供科学依据.

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究区域概况

赣江源于闽赣交界的武夷山区,自南向北经赣州、吉安、宜春、南昌等城市进入鄱阳湖.赣江流域属于亚热带季风湿润气候,年平均降雨量为1580 mm,径流量约占鄱阳湖水系总径流量的46.6 %.赣州市和新干县把赣江分为上、中、下游.赣江上游流经矿产资源丰富的地区,同时也流经了我国重要脐橙种植区;中游流经吉泰盆地水稻种植区;下游流经宜春、新余、南昌等主要城市,其中袁水和锦江沿岸煤矿和铁矿资源丰富[15-18].赣江流域主要的煤矿、铁矿和钨矿分布详见图 1.

图 1 赣江水系采样位点分布(C1、C2分别为聚类分析(见2.3节)形成的区域.煤矿、铁矿和钨矿分布根据《江西省志》[19]和赣州市环境信息发布平台(http://www.gzhb.gov.cn/infopublic/flexoutput/)绘制) Fig.1 Distributions of sampling sites in the Ganjiang River
1.2 数据来源

为研究赣江干流不同河段溶解态金属元素的污染来源,对干流的上游、中游、下游设置若干个采样点(用G表示);为研究支流溶解态金属元素的污染来源,在主要支流中下游设置若干个采样点(用Z表示),共设置了37个(图 1).于2015年1月(枯水期)和7月(丰水期)分别对应赣江流域的干流和支流中央50 cm深的水样进行采集,并现场用GPS(GPS,MAP62sc,USA)对采样点进行定位.每次选用顺流采样方式,每个点位水样用500 ml的塑料瓶收集,在实验室用0.45 μm孔径的醋酸纤维滤膜抽滤,并加硝酸酸化至pH<2保存于0~4℃的环境下,用于测定溶解态金属元素的浓度.用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS X Series, PE, USA)测定水样中Be、Al、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb、U的浓度.样品在检测之前,仪器利用标准物质(SRM, AccuStandard, Inc., USA)进行3次重复检测并且进行极限检测,这15种溶解态金属元素的极限检测值分别为0.004、0.065、0.04、0.011、1.929、0.005、0.044、0.042、0.094、0.003、0.001924、0.004019、0.004068、0.002338和0.000159 μg/L.所有元素2次平行测样的相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于10 %.

1.3 数据分析

根据15种溶解态金属元素数据,运用单因素方差分析和聚类分析探讨了溶解态金属元素的空间分布差异[20],并运用主成分分析识别溶解态金属元素的主要污染源.

绝对主成分得分/多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)是基于主成分得分进行的线性回归分析的一种受体模型[21],广泛用于定量估算污染源的贡献率[22-25].由于主成分分析的结果保留的是标准化后的数据,绝对零值因子得分计算公式为:

$ {Z_0} = \frac{{0-{c_i}}}{{{\sigma _i}}} = \frac{{-{c_i}}}{{{\sigma _i}}} $ (1)

式中,i为元素的种类数,其中ciσi分别代表第i种元素平均浓度和第i种元素的标准差.

绝对主成分得分通过PCA因子得分减去对应绝对零值因子得分估算.进行线性回归分析(公式(2)),获得回归系数及污染源贡献率:

$ {M_j} = {\delta _0} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^p {{\delta _k} \cdot APC{S_{kj}}} $ (2)

式中,Mj为第j个样品的元素浓度,APCSkj为第k个污染源在第j个样品旋转后的绝对主成分得分,δk·APCSkj为第k个污染源在第j个样品的贡献率,δ0是PCA分析中主要污染源之外的其他污染来源.

2 结果与讨论 2.1 溶解态金属元素空间分布特征

赣江水系溶解态金属元素Be、Al、V、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、U浓度枯水期显著高于丰水期,其他元素差异不显著. Al、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Sb、Pb、U和Be、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb的平均浓度低于世界卫生组织(WHO)饮用水质准则和中国Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准(表 1).但Al和As分别有1和6个采样点超出了世界卫生组织饮用水质准则,超标率分别为1.35 %和8.10 %;Fe、Mn和Tl有16、3和3个采样点超出了中国Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准,超标率分别为21.60 %、4.05 %和4.05 %.本次研究发现赣江水系Cd浓度在水质标准内,与张宝军等[12]2013年的研究结果一致,与计勇等[13]2010年的分析结果中Cd浓度在赣江赣州市段超标不一致;As浓度在中国Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准内,与计勇等[13]2010年的分析结果中As在赣江赣州市段与赣江吉安市段超出了中国Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准不一致,说明近年来Cd和As污染已明显减轻.

表 1 赣江水系溶解态金属元素的统计特征和水质标准* Tab.1 Statistics of dissolved metal concentrations in the Ganjiang River and the water standards

赣江溶解态金属元素浓度大小排序为:Fe>Al>Mn>As>Cu>Mo>Ni>V>Pb>Sb>U>Cd>Co> Tl>Be. Fe、Al、Mn的平均浓度分别是印度苏伯尔讷雷卡河的1.6、1.5和2倍,其中Fe的平均浓度是汉江的7倍、渭河的20倍. Co、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的平均浓度低于乐安河、长江、湘江、滦河、多瑙河. Mo和Sb的平均浓度分别低于渭河和汉江,可知赣江流域的Fe、Al、Mn浓度较高,Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Pb浓度较低(表 2).

表 2 国内外河流溶解态金属元素研究结果(μg/L)* Tab.2 Dissolved metals in domestic and oversea rivers

Be、Al、Mn、Pb、U浓度在上游、中游、下游存在显著差异,其他元素差异不显著. Ni和Mo浓度在干流与支流间存在显著差异,其他元素差异不显著. Be、Al浓度在上游显著高于中下游,Be、Al、Cu、Co浓度在湘水、章水和赣江赣州市段高,Cu和Co浓度分别在中游河段蜀水和孤江浓度高,在其他采样点浓度较低. As、Mo、Sb浓度在章水出现峰值,其中As浓度在赣江赣州市段出现最大值,其他采样点较低. Mn、Pb、U浓度在下游显著高于中上游,在章水出现峰值,其中Mn浓度在桃江出现最大值,在中游降低,在下游袁水、锦江增加,在赣江北支浓度最高. Ni、Cd、Tl浓度在桃江、章水、赣江万安县段、赣江泰和县段、袁河较高,其他采样点较低. V、Fe浓度在支流高于干流,分别在蜀水、泷江出现最大值,在湘水的浓度高于多数河段(表 3图 2).

图 2 赣江水系溶解态金属元素的时空分布 Fig.2 Spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River
表 3 赣江水系不同河段的溶解态金属元素浓度* Tab.3 Concentrations of dissolved metals in different reaches of the Ganjiang River
2.2 溶解态金属元素污染来源识别

为验证因子分析的适用性,对数据进行KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)和巴特利特球形度检验,一般认为KMO>0.7时适合因子分析.通过检验发现,在P < 0.001时KMO值为0.837,球形度检验值为869.42,表明采用主成分分析是有效的. 3个主成分反映了69.82 %的变量信息,揭示了15种金属元素可能存在的3种来源(表 4).

表 4 赣江水系溶解态金属元素主成分旋转载荷* Tab.4 Rotating loadings of dissolved metals on principal components in the Ganjiang River

PC1解释了30.55 %的方差变异,Be、Al、Fe、Co、U占有较高的正载荷(本研究中以R>0.7判定为载荷较高[37]),Mn、Cu和Pb具有较低载荷.桃江、湘水和章水流域Mn,Be、Al、Cu和Pb、U浓度分别出现最大值.锡矿[38]和钨矿[39]中含有Be、Al、Fe、Pb、Co元素,桃江、湘水和章水流域分别是稀土矿[40]、锡矿、钨矿开采频繁的河段(见赣州市环境信息发布平台http://www.gzhb.gov.cn/infopublic/flexoutput/),采矿废水排放入河,导致该区域Mn、Be、Al、Cu、Pb、U浓度增加. Be、Al、Fe、Co、U、Cu浓度在枯水期显著高于丰水期(表 1图 2),体现了丰水期降水对采矿废水的稀释作用. PC1表示溶解态金属元素的采矿废水来源.

PC2解释了22.61 %的方差变异,Mo在该成分的载荷最高,其次为As、Tl、Sb和Cd. Tl和As、Mo、Sb分别在桃江和章水出现峰值.矿产废渣中含有丰富的As、Sb、Cd元素[41-42],施用化肥农药也会导致As和Cd残留于土壤中[43],桃江和章水流域的稀土和钨矿分布广泛(图 1),同时也是农业种植区和脐橙种植区,降雨淋滤把矿渣和土壤中的As、Sb、Cd带入河流,导致As、Sb、Cd浓度在该区域出现最大值. As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl浓度在丰水期和枯水期不存在显著差异,体现了长期受降水淋滤的影响. PC2表示溶解态金属元素的矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤来源.

PC3解释了16.66 %的方差变异,Ni在该成分上占有的载荷最高,其次为V;Fe、Co、Sb和Tl与PC3具有相近的载荷. Ni、Co浓度分别在赣江万安县段、赣江赣州市段出现最大值;对比3个区域污染水平,Ni和V浓度在C2最高(表 4),V、Ni、Fe和Co的平均浓度在枯水期显著高于丰水期(表 1).钢铁冶炼废水中含有大量Ni、Fe、Co[44]和V[45]元素,袁水、锦江流域煤矿、铁矿资源分布广泛(图 1),受钢铁冶炼废水排放影响,该区域Ni、Fe、Co浓度出现最大值. PC3表示溶解态金属元素的钢铁冶炼废水来源.

2.3 溶解态金属元素区域污染差异

根据各样点溶解态金属元素浓度的空间差异(图 2),再根据不同样点的层次聚类分析结果(图 3),赣江水系溶解态金属元素可以分为3个污染区域. 13.5 %的样点在区域1(C1),分布在湘水、章水和赣江赣州市段;16.2 %的采样点在区域2(C2),分布在桃江、袁水和锦江;70.3 %的采样点在区域3(C3)(图 1图 3).据表 5可知,除Mn、Fe、Cd、Pb在3个区域中差异不显著外,其他元素差异显著. Be、Al、Cu、As、Mo、Sb的平均浓度在C1最高;V、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cd的平均浓度在C2最高;C3除Ni、Cu、Mo外,其他元素的平均浓度显著低于C1和C2. 3个区域元素的污染水平大小排序为:C1>C2>C3. C1是赣南矿产集中分布区,同时是我国重要的脐橙种植区,受采矿废水排放、矿渣和土壤降雨淋滤影响,Be、Al、Cu、As、Mo、Sb浓度最高. C2是铁矿、煤矿集中分布区,受沿岸钢铁冶炼废水排放的影响,V、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cd浓度最高. C3的支流河段采矿和农业活动少于C1和C2,同时C3包括了大部分干流,因支流汇入导致径流量增加,从而稀释了部分溶解态金属元素,使溶解态金属元素浓度低于C1和C2.

图 3 赣江水系溶解态金属元素聚类分析树形图 Fig.3 Hierarchical cluster tree of sampling sites by Cluster Analysis of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River
表 5 赣江水系各区域溶解态金属元素平均值和标准误差* Tab.5 Mean values with standard errors of dissolved metals in different regions in the Ganjiang River
2.4 溶解态金属元素污染来源贡献率

在主成分分析识别赣江水系溶解态金属元素污染来源基础上,用绝对主成分/多元线性回归(MLR-APCS)计算了赣江水体15种溶解态金属元素的污染源贡献率.除Mn、Fe、Pb、U的R2小于0.6外,其他元素都在0.6以上(表 6),说明回归分析具有统计学意义[46]. Be、Al、Cu、Pb、U的污染源超过40 %来自采矿废水,其中Be、Al、U超过了70 %,Mo的采矿废水贡献率最低,其次为Co和Sb. Cu、As、Mo、Cd的污染源超过35 %来自矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤,其中Cu的贡献率最大,其次为Cd和Mo,Mn的矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤贡献率最低,其次为Al、V、Ni、Tl、Pb和Fe. V、Mn、Co、Ni的污染源超过41 %来自钢铁冶炼废水,其中Mo超过了60 %,As的钢铁冶炼废水贡献率最低,其次为Cu和Tl. Fe的采矿废水和金属冶炼废水贡献率都为35 %,其来源可能主要受两者双重影响. V、Fe、Co、Ni、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb除受已识别的3种源影响外,还受其他污染源的影响,其中V、Co、As、Sb、Tl、Pb不可识别源的比例超过30 %.

表 6 赣江水系溶解态金属元素多元线性回归绝对因子得分贡献率* Tab.6 Source contributions of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River water resulting from multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component score (MLR-APCS)
3 结论

本次研究基于赣江流域枯水期和丰水期溶解态金属元素的数据,探讨溶解态金属元素的空间分布特征、污染来源及污染来源的贡献率,结果表明多数水样的溶解态金属元素浓度符合水质标准,主要超标元素(样品超标率)为Fe(21.60 %)、As(8.10 %)、Mn(4.05 %)、Tl(4.05 %)和Al(1.35 %).赣江水系受溶解态金属元素污染的主要河段为湘水、章水和赣江赣州市段,主要污染金属元素分别是Be、Al、Cu、As、Mo、Sb;其次为桃江、袁水和锦江,主要污染金属元素分别是V、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cd.采矿废水、矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤、钢铁冶炼废水是赣江水系溶解态金属元素的主要来源. Be、Al、Cu、Pb、U的污染源超过40 %来自采矿废水;Cu、As、Mo、Cd的污染源超过35 %来自矿渣和农田土壤降雨淋滤;V、Mn、Co、Ni的污染源超过41 %来自钢铁冶炼废水.赣江流域南部和西北部矿产资源的开采加工是赣江水体溶解态金属元素的主要污染源,加强矿区的环境保护和治理是防治赣江金属元素污染的关键.

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