| 引用本文: | 李雨竹,贾磊,张弥,肖薇,张圳,包恒鑫,葛培,王伟,吕恒,万梓文.太湖表面温度与表层水温差异及其影响因素的观测分析.湖泊科学,2023,35(5):1808-1821. DOI:10.18307/2023.0543 |
| Li Yuzhu,Jia Lei,Zhang Mi,Xiao Wei,Zhang Zhen,Bao Hengxin,Ge Pei,Wang Wei,Lv Heng,Wan Ziwen.Quantifying the difference between surface temperature and surface waterbulk temperature and its influencing factors at Lake Taihu with in-situ observation. J. Lake Sci.2023,35(5):1808-1821. DOI:10.18307/2023.0543 |
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| 太湖表面温度与表层水温差异及其影响因素的观测分析 |
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李雨竹1, 贾磊1, 张弥1,2, 肖薇1,2, 张圳3, 包恒鑫1, 葛培1, 王伟1,2, 吕恒1, 万梓文1
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1.南京信息工程大学气候与环境变化国际合作联合实验室大气环境中心, 南京 210044;2.南京信息工程大学江苏省农业气象重点实验室, 南京 210044;3.南京市江宁区气象局, 南京 211199
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| 摘要: |
| 湖泊“皮肤效应”指表面温度与表层水温的差异,量化“皮肤效应”并分析其影响因素有助于理解湖泊物理、化学、生物和生态过程对气候变暖的响应。本文基于太湖中尺度通量网2011—2020年水温梯度、辐射四分量和小气候观测数据,定量分析了在不同时间尺度和不同天气条件下“皮肤效应”的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,太湖暖“皮肤效应”在15:00—16:00最强,可达1.95℃;冷“皮肤效应”在7:00—8:00最强,达-0.50℃。“皮肤效应”强度春季最强,夏季最弱。因此,无法用表层水温观测值直接验证卫星午后过境反演得到的太湖湖面温度,其偏差可达2℃,尤其在春季。年际尺度上,太湖表面温度上升速率为0.14℃/a,与同期气温上升速率相当,表层水温上升速率为0.12℃/a。使用遥感反演的表面温度表征的太湖升温速率会比传统的表层水温观测结果快0.02℃/a。晴天小风时暖“皮肤效应”最强,为1.64℃;阴天大风时“皮肤效应”最弱,仅为0.32℃。相较于太阳辐射,风速对太湖水温“皮肤效应”的影响更大,风的扰动是影响太湖水温“皮肤效应”的首要因素。此外,基于10年观测数据建立了适用于太湖水温“皮肤效应”的风速参数化方案。 |
| 关键词: 太湖 卫星反演 表面温度 表层水温 皮肤效应 |
| DOI：10.18307/2023.0543 |
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| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0607202)和江苏省杰出青年基金项目(BK20220055)联合资助。 |
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| Quantifying the difference between surface temperature and surface waterbulk temperature and its influencing factors at Lake Taihu with in-situ observation |
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Li Yuzhu1, Jia Lei1, Zhang Mi1,2, Xiao Wei1,2, Zhang Zhen3, Bao Hengxin1, Ge Pei1, Wang Wei1,2, Lv Heng1, Wan Ziwen1
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1.Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P.R. China;2.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P.R. China;3.Meteorological Bureau of Nanjing Jiangning District, Nanjing 211199, P.R. China
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| Abstract: |
| The skin effect is defined as the difference between the skin temperature and the bulk temperature of the surface water. Quantifying lake skin effect and analysing its influencing factors can improve our understanding of the response of lake physical, chemical, biological and ecological processes to global warming. Based on the water temperature gradient, four radiation components and microclimate observations from 2011 to 2020 from the Taihu Eddy Flux Network, this paper quantified the skin effect on different time scales and the difference of the skin effect under different weather conditions. The results showed that the warm skin effect in Lake Taihu was strongest at 15:00-16:00, with a value of 1.95℃. The cool skin effect was strongest at 7:00-8:00 with a value of -0.50℃. The intensity of the skin effect was strongest in spring and weakest in summer. Therefore, the surface temperature obtained by satellites passing over Taihu Lake in the afternoon cannot be validated with the surface water bulk temperature. The validation bias caused by the skin effect can reach 2℃, especially in spring. On an interannual scale, the surface water temperature of Lake Taihu warmed at a rate of 0.14℃/a, which was identical to the warming rate of air temperature during the same period. The surface water bulk temperature warmed at a rate of 0.12℃/a. The warming rate of Lake Taihu described by surface temperature was 0.02℃/a higher than that indicated by surface water bulk temperature. The warm skin effect could reach 1.64℃ under clear sky with light wind. Under cloudy conditions with strong winds, the skin effect was only 0.32℃. Compared to solar radiation, wind speed had a greater effect on the skin effect of Lake Taihu. Thus, wind disturbance was the main factor influencing the skin effect of Lake Taihu. A new parameterisation using wind speed for the skin effect of Lake Taihu was proposed here with 10 years of observations. |
| Key words: Lake Taihu satellite retrieval skin temperature surface water bulk temperature skin effect |
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